Why did conflicts in Yugoslavia lead to war in the 1990s

Introduction The essay is a critically analysis of the reason why conflict in Yugoslavia led to war in the 1990s. According to Welch, 1993 conflict has been defined in various ways but one definition adopted for the sake of the paper is a scenario in which there exist or thought resistance to main beliefs, opinion, dreams, needs and aspiration, norms due to differences in views between individuals and can be instigated by political, economical, environmental or societal aspects (Cohen, 1993).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why did conflicts in Yugoslavia lead to war in the 1990s? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, war has been defined as armed conflict that is open in nature that takes place between two or more groups of parties that are organized. This usually continues in phases termed as clashes and mainly entails dispute concerning power as well as governance and territorial supremacy. It is worth mentioning that war can be between and among nation or even individuals of a given country usually based on drawn ethnic and or religious lines. The term coined to refer to the war is Yugoslav war which refers to a sequence of campaigns carried out by military between the years 1991 and 1995 in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The war just like any other kind of war was very complex and linked with bitter ethnic conflict among Yugoslavians. Those involved in the conflict included in one side Serbs and some Montenegrins and Bosnia’s and Coats as well as some Slovenes. It is important to have in mind that in Bosnia conflict between Bosnia’s and Croats was also experienced. The war did take place in three major phases that are deemed separate but closely linked. War in Slovenia that took place in 1991, Bosnian War experienced between 1992 and 1995 and Croatian War of Independence that took place between 1991 and 1995. All the war ended in different tim es bringing with it full independence as well as sovereignty but at the same time huge losses in economic terms. According to Glenny, 1999 it is estimated that between 130, 000 to 140,000 individuals died as a result of the Yugoslav War instigated by conflict between individuals living in the former the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Conflicts and war in Yugoslavia It is true that conflict if not resolved at an earlier stage, do lead to very serious issues that are characterized by massive loss of human lives, destruction of wealth and property, environmental degradation as well as huge economic losses (Gowan, 1999). Tension among individuals living in Yugoslavia begun to mount back in 1980. It is only in 1990s that it was very evident and more likely that war will erupt. This is attributed to the fact that t the time, there was hard time in economic terms coupled with mounting desire of nationalism clearly depicted by the various ethnic inhabitants of Yugoslavia.Advertis ing Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Broadly speaking there are four major reasons why conflict in Yugoslavia led to the 1991 to 1995 war; these are not adequately or completely failing to address underlying causes of conflicts between and among worrying groups, internal as well as external disagreement as well as fragmentation within and without the parties involved in a conflicts, simple acts of insincerity by the parties in loggerheads and finally disappointment on the parts of one or the groups involved in conflicts. Historians, ethnographers as well as other scholars do agree that War in Yugoslavia was a complex issue but coin conflict based on dominance to power as the major cause (Horowitz, 1985). It is worth noting that the monarchist of Yugoslavia made up of various ethnic grouping as well as Serbs being politically and demographically dominant over the rest of ethnic group ing laid ground of insurgence of major tension. Various ethnic groups were of varied opinion of how the state will be. The Croats had in back of their mind that they will enjoy a greater degree of self-governance compared to when they were under Austria-Hungary. On the other hand, the Serbs held the view that being indpenent will be their reward for immensly supporting allies in the First World War (Lampe, 2000). This tension in most cases did erupt into what has been termed as â€Å"open conflict†. Since the security portfolio was made up of most Serbs, they used the influence they had to oppress the rest especially during election as well as killing leaders from the other ethnic groups that strongly opposed monarchy system of governance. As stated previously, various acts of insincerity contributed to more tension that resulted to conflict and later instigated war in Yugoslavia. This usually takes various forms ranging from failing to keep an agreement arrived at or taking actions that are aimed at annoying the other party. For instance, although the dominant Serbs party was ready to do away with one party system which was agreed upon in 1990 at Extraordinary Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the voting was blocked by party leader. The act lead to delegates from Slovene and Croatian to walk out which resulted to breaking of the party-thus the termination of â€Å"brotherhood unity† among them. Another act of insincerity emerged when the Axis Forces took control of a puppet state belonging to Croats. Ustasha was put to be in charge of that state. The Serbians who were at the time the minority ethnic group were to be persecuted. Similarly, recruiting Croats and those who professed Islamic faith by SS constituted an hidden agenda.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why did conflicts in Yugoslavia lead to war in the 1990s? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand recruitment of Serbs into Gestapo as well as a volunteer group of Serbian Soldiers are act of insincerity (Judah, 1997). Failure of one or both of agreement signatories did instigate war in Yugoslavia. A typical example of an agreement that was not honored is the Karadordevo agreement between Tudman and Slobodan. Although a new Yugoslavia federal governance structure was in place, members especially from Slovenes, Serbs and Croats side reputedly argued to have autonomy and unitarist. The previous reasons discussed did lead to one or more of the involved parties to be disappointed. As suggested by Lampe, 2000 the disappointment automatically resulted to a number of ethnic groups to officially cut ties with the other-secession. A clear and well documented war that erupted as a result of Secession is the Croatian war of independence. The war, begun after the Serbs living in Croatia were opposing the independence of Croatian. They immediately declared their secession from tha t state. Additionally, the legal cutting of links between Slovenia from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the cause of what has been widely known as the Ten Day War. During this time, the government gave an order to the Yugoslav People’s Army to fully control borders leading to Slovenia. As a counter attack police together with Slovenian Territorial Defence blocked roads (Keegan, 1994). This led to a number of people losing their lives. Negotiation held resulted to stoppage of the conflict. There has been growing undisputed evidence that most of the wars experienced in early 19th throughout 20th centaury are as a result of not adequately addressing the actual underlying issues that bring about conflicts between groups (Judah, 1997) . The failure of the relevant parties to come on a round table and exhaustively tackle mostly the long-term causes of conflict such as unequal power distribution as well as national resources means that whatever efforts are made to r econstruct what has been damaged will be doomed (Little Silber, 1995). A number of observers five years down the line after the signing of Dayton Agreement meant to bring to an end the Bosnia-Herzegovina war held the opinion that if peacekeepers withdraw their support fresh fighting will come to light. As suggested by Pavkovic, 2000 this notion is based on chronological of events since 1172 to 1990. Not addressing and bringing to book the atrocities committed for instance by Ustasha regime did psychologically affected Jews, Muslims, Communists, non-Catholics and Roma. Internal differences also did contribute to war in Yugoslavia. From a religious point of view leaders did held differing opinion on how the conflict could be addressed. There were those who fully in support of NATO Bombing as being the only way to bring peace (Gowan, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, there was a group of Serbian Orthodox that pushed to have cease fire in place. These two acts led to resentment which later catalyzed bad blood between the involved parties. As noted by Bennett 1995, the memories left by the horror of the bombing do perpetuate a bitter sense of group identity which acts as a reservoir in which mobilization ethnic or political for the future. Similarly although Yugoslavia was made up of various ethnic groups, ethnic politics by former leaders such as Tito did instigate the war in 1990s. These kinds of leaders mastered how they injected ethnic differences into wining political loyalty (Horowitz, 1985). Coupled with politicization of ethnic identity of each and every group, proved to be lethal. For instance, during his reign, Tito who was a dictator granted autonomy to two provinces in northeastern and southern provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo respectively. This angered the Serbs. This was another roar of bad blood between the vario us ethnic groups. Additionally, it is worth noting that another reason that made the conflict in Yugoslavia to erupt into war is how the various ethnic leaders politically mobilized their followers/subjects. Milosvic, the Serbian leader, Kucan Milan Slovenia leader, Franjo (Croatia) and Izetbegovic (Bosnia) all played nationalist role that propelled them to the realm (Ernest, 1983). All used national injustice s a theme to win support of their subjects; it is acknowledge that their efforts which were always competing as regards injustice contributed to the complex mix that rendered Yugoslavia a torn nation. Last but not least, ethnic cleansing can also explain why conflict in Yugoslavia led to war. This was mainly used against Bosnian as women were raped and put in captivity till they are about to deliver (Keegan, 1994). Ethnic cleansing was aimed at displacing the ethnic group under spot light. What this resulted to was seeds of bitterness on the targeted groups that later organize d themselves for a revenge. The war was brought to an end by the signing of Dayton Agreement in 1995. Between 1996 and 1999 war being experienced by was less intense and dominated by NATO bombings (Pavkovic, 2000) Conclusion From the review of why did conflicts in Yugoslavia lead to war in the 1990s, it is apparent that war is an armed conflict between two more groups that are centrally organized. Generally speaking, the major reasons why Yugoslavia war erupted include failure to adequately address past long-term causes of conflicts, disappointments of one or both parties involved in a conflict, failure to honor peace agreement, insincerity. Additionally, other underlying issues such as ethnic cleansing, political and ethnic mobilization did contribute to Yugoslavia war. Record has it that during the period between 1990 and 1995, close to 140,000 people lost their lives. Similarly, the war brought with it full independence but also huge loss in terms of economy. The war was brought to an end by the signing of Dayton Agreement. Reference List Bennett, C. 1995. Yugoslavia’s Bloody Collapse. New York: Hurst. Cohen, L.J. 1993. Broken bonds: the disintegration of Yugoslavia. London: Westview Press. Ernest, G 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell. Glenny, M 1999. The Balkans, 1804-1999: nationalism, war and the great powers. San Fransisco: Granta. Gowan, P.1999 ‘The NATO Powers and the Balkan tragedy’ in New Left Review. Horowitz, D. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Judah, T. 1997. The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. Keegan, J. 1994. A History of Warfare. New York, NY: Random House/Vintage Lampe, J.R. 2000. Yugoslavia as History. Cambridge University: CUP. Little, A. Silber, L. 1995. Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation. New York, NY: Penguin Books. Malcolm, N. 1998. Kosovo. New York: Macmillan. Pavkovic, A.2000. The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia: Nationalism and war in the Balkans. New York: Macmillan Publisher. Welch, D. 1993. Justice and the Genesis of War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Woodward, S. 1995. Balkan tragedy: chaos and disintegration after the Cold War London: Brookings. This essay on Why did conflicts in Yugoslavia lead to war in the 1990s? was written and submitted by user Kyndal Hale to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Prices Not Listed on the Menu essays

Prices Not Listed on the Menu essays In Eric Schlossers first book, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (2001), through hard facts, witty insight, and meticulous research, he produces a book-length view of how quickly and methodically the fast food business has taken over our country. Schlosser tracks the fast food industry from Americas first infatuation with fast food to its origins in 1950s California and its global triumph. Additionally Schlosser discusses the full transformation of our landscape, work force, economy, pop culture, and our diets. This infiltration of the booming fast food industry has invaded every aspect of our culture. Our diets are forever changed because of the fast food industry. Peoples lives have become busier and busier, leaving little time to sit for a meal. The fast food business has taken advantage of this fact, creating an easy solution for many Americans: cheap food, numerous locations, and quick service. When people started having to work longer hours and women started working also, so that the family could have enough money to live the lifestyle theyve become accustomed to, fast food restaurants became a necessity. These restaurants provide busy people with a quick and cheap replacement for a meal. But, fast food establishments have been serving up a lot more than burgers and fries; the lasting effects on diets have increased obesity and malnutrition among Americans. As Schlosser writes, The typical American now consumes approximately three hamburgers and four orders of french fries every week. (6) Schlosser clearly illustrates, through facts like these, the damage this industry h as had on the American way of eating. One particular fast food chain Schlosser continues to use as an example in this book is the American favorite, McDonalds. Schlosser begins his deconstruction of the fast food industry with the analysis and history of McDonalds as an American economi...

Make a Slushy Instantly With Soda and Supercooling

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Book Review: Nemesis :: essays research papers

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Berger’s Portrayal of Men vs Women

John Berger’s Portrayal of Male versus Female Nudity and it’s relation to Modern Society In the book Ways of Seeing, chapter 3 by John Berger, Berger outlines his portrayal of the differences between men and women and the manner in which they are culturally represented by analyzing nude depictions of woman in the European artistic tradition through paintings. The paintings overtime have demonstrated that men have more power over women as they are the main spectators of the paintings, and the women are the object of the paintings.These standards described in his article are still significant in today’s society, as seen by the reaction of the public to the advertisement displays of male nudity for the Leopold Museum in Vienna. According to Berger, the male’s presence is all about potency, power, strength and his abilities. He is viewed as the dominant being over the woman whereas the women’s presence is about only her and what can or cannot be done to her. Women are more concerned with surveying themselves the way they think others will see them so that they can act in a way that is appealing toward the men.This suggests that the way she views herself is the way society will see her. This theory is displayed in the styles of the European paintings. The paintings are geared toward the male viewer which gives him a legitimate excuse for looking at the nude women in order to flatter himself. The paintings clearly demonstrate through the expression of the woman that the woman is aware that she is being viewed thus objectifying herself as a subject of a gaze. Berger simplifies this by saying â€Å"Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at. † (Berger, 47).The overall point the chapter makes is that men have more power over women, and because of this, women are property of the men. Berger’s chapter gives many examples that support his portrayal that men are the more dominant gender. For example, when refle cting on the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, it is Eve who gets punished, and Adam that becomes the agent of God. In another painting, The Judgement of Paris, Paris awards an apple to the women he believes to be the most beautiful thus turning beauty into a competition. The woman who is the most beautiful is to be owned by the judge, thus objectifying the woman to the man.Berger also mentions that some paintings also include a male lover however the attention on the women is rarely toward him, but is geared toward the viewer of the painting thus allowing the spectator the belief that he is the owner of the woman. Although Berger mainly talks about the cultural perspective of men and women, it is clear that his belief that men have more power over women are still occurring in recent society as seen in an article from The New York Times, and an article from BBC news on the public reactions to the nude male advertisements for the Leopold Museum in Vienna.Society today even creates this image that men have more power over women, and when the roles are reversed, as displayed in the male nude advertisements, it causes public outrage. In the BBC article, according to Tobias Natter, the director of the Leopold Museum, when it comes to male nudity, â€Å"Somehow it is taboo. † (Bell). It is true that male nudity is getting a new presence in modern society and is becoming increasingly more normal, however one can still assume a few reasons as to why there was an opposition to the display of the naked men on the posters.Going along with Berger’s view of women being the objects of the photos, the first reason is that having the men become the objects of the photos is extremely unusual and not something society is accustomed to. This is because the male is generally the power figure, and to see a man so vulnerable is such an unnatural thing. Another reason why these photos are deemed inappropriate is that because the male is now the object, the r ole of the spectator is now more difficult to define. Men do not want to be put in a position where they survey themselves. According to Berger, that role belongs to the women.Men also do not want to be seen as having less power and more vulnerability. Female nudity is associated with beauty and erotics. It is meant to be unthreatening. Male nudity however is much more challenging. Society in general is uncomfortable with seeing male genitalia in the public. Erich Kocina from the BBC news article states â€Å"We are not used to seeing a penis – I think that is the main problem for people. † (Bell). This opposition was reportedly greater among women because some women felt as though the images were pornographic and inappropriate for children to see.In the New York Times article, Klaus Pokorny, the museums spokesmen, stated that women had to shield their children’s eyes from the pictures of the naked men. (Cottrell). Also, because women are slightly more modest th an men, they might be more prone to embarrassment. Even though society has advanced in so many ways, it is still a little slow in adjusting to the views of men and women. Many people these days say that men and women are equal. More women are working â€Å"manly† jobs, and more men are becoming stay at home fathers. However, male versus female nudity still appears to be an issue.This should not be the way society thinks but unfortunately, nudity is still not totally accepted. The advertisements of the nude men should be a good way to open the eyes of the public to see the direction in which society is advancing and have awareness that men and women should not be portrayed so differently. Works Cited Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. London: Penguin, 1972. 45-64. Print. Bell, Bethany. â€Å"The shock of the (male) nude. †Ã‚  BBC News Magazine  [Vienna] 18 Nov 2012, Web. 19 Jan. 2013 Cottrell, Chris. â€Å"Viennese Museum to Cover Nude Ads. † The New York Times 17 O ct 2012, U. S Edition, Web. 17 Jan. 2013.